Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-E from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

1 iiiiiiivvvivii Paragraph A

Example    Answer

Paragraphs B     ii

2 iiiiiiivvvivii     Paragraph C

3 iiiiiiivvvivii     Paragraph D

4 iiiiiiivvvivii     Paragraph E

• 1 Answer: iii
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  To do matching heading question, we should use skimming technique, which means having a quick look at the passage as a whole in order to understand its meaning and structure. After skimming the whole passage, you turn back to look at each paragraph in details. From my point of view, it would be better to read a paragraph carefully and try to guess its main idea (the idea explained in every single sentence of the question). The topic sentence is a great clue but in some cases it is not used in the paragraph.
  Q1: Matching headings iii: Why children are not highly valued	(A) Nearly all families suffered some premature death. Since all parents expected to bury some of their children, they found it difficult to invest in their newborn children. Moreover, to protect themselves from the emotional consequences of children’s death, parents avoided making any emotional commitment to an infant.
  Note: Paragraph A explains why children are not highly valued. For that reason, the answer is iii.

• 2 Answer: v
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  Q2: Matching headings v: The first appearance of modern educational philosophy	(C) John Locke, one of the most influential writers of his period, created the first clear and comprehensive statement of the ‘environmental position’ that family education determines a child’s life, and via this, he became the father of modern learning theory.
  Note: Paragraph C tells us about the first modern learning theory developed by John Locke. For that reason, the answer is v.

• 3 Answer: i
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  Q3: Matching headings i: The evolution and development of educational concepts of different thinkers	(D) According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, who lived in an era of the American and French Revolution, people were ‘noble savages’ in the original state of nature, meaning they are innocent, free and uncorrupted. Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, living during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, sought to develop schools to nurture children’s all-round development. He agreed with Rousseau that humans are naturally good but were spoiled by a corrupt society. His approach to teaching consists of the general and special methods, and his theory was based upon establishing an emotionally healthy homelike learning environment, which had to be in place before more specific instructions occurred.
  Note: Paragraph D mainly introduces two educational concepts developed by two different thinkers: Jean Jacques Rousseau and Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi. As the main idea of paragraph D is similar to option i, the answer is i.

• 4 Answer: vi
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  Q4: Matching headings vi: The application of a creative learning method on a wild child	(E) One of the best-documented cases of Pestalozzi’s theory concerned a so-called feral child named Victor, who was captured in a small town in the south of France in 1800. Prepubescent, mute, naked, and perhaps 11 or 12 years old, Victor had been seen foraging for food in the gardens of the locals in the area and sometimes accepted people’s direct offers of food before his final capture. Eventually, he was brought to Paris and expected to answer some profound questions about the nature of human, but that goal was quashed very soon. A young physician Jean Marc Gaspard Itard was optimistic about the future of Victor and initiated a five-year education plan to civilise him and teach him to speak. With a subsidy from the government, Itard recruited a local woman Madame Guerin to assist him to provide a semblance of a home for Victor, and he spent an enormous amount of time and effort working with Victor.
  Note: Paragraph E mainly discusses about the application of a creative learning method on Victor – a wild kid who was prepubescent, mute, naked and had been seen foraging for food. All of the sentences in this paragraph focus on the application of the creative learning method on him. The main idea of paragraph E is similar to option vi. For that reason, the answer is vi.

Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of dates below.

Match each event with the correct date, A, B or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

5 ABC     the need for children to work

6 ABC     the rise of the middle class

7 ABC     the emergence of a kindergarten

8 ABC     the spread of kindergartens around the U.S.

• 5 Answer: A
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  Q5: the need for children to work	The 18th century witnessed the transformation from an agrarian economy to an industrial one, one of the vital social changes taking place in the Western world. An increasing number of people moved from their villages and small towns to big cities where life was quite different. Social supports which had previously existed in smaller communities were replaced by ruthless problems such as poverty, crime, substandard housing and disease. Due to the need for additional income to support the family, young children from the poorest families were forced into early employment and thus their childhood became painfully short. Children as young as 7 might be required to work full-time, subjected to unpleasant and unhealthy circumstances, from factories to prostitution.
  Note: According to the passage, children during the 18th century were forced to work to support their families. For that reason, the answer is A.

• 6 Answer: B
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  Q6: the rise of the middle class	Nevertheless, thanks to the technological advances of the mid-1800s, coupled with the rise of the middle class and redefinition of roles of family members, work and home became less synonymous over time.
  Note: According to the passage, the 19th century saw a rise of the middle class. For that reason, the answer is B.

• 7 Answer: B
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  Q7: the emergence of a kindergarten	One of the early examples was the invention of kindergarten, which was a word and a movement created by a German-born educator, Friedrich Froebel in 1840. Froebel didn’t introduce the notion of kindergarten until 58 years old, and he had been a teacher for four decades. When Froebel died in 1852, dozens of kindergartens had been created in Germany.
  Note: According to the passage, the kindergarten emerged from 1840. In 1852, lots of kindergartens had been created in Germany. For that reasons, the answer is B.

• 8 Answer: C
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  Q8: the spread of kindergartens around the U.S.	Kindergartens began to increase in Europe, and the movement eventually reached and flourished in the United States in the 20th century.
  Note: The passage clearly states that kindergartens widely spread in the US in the 20th century. For that reason, the answer is C.
  From Q9 to Q13, we use a technique called scanning. As the question is about matching each opinion or deed with the correct person, we will scan the whole passage, looking for the opinion or deed to find the location of the needed information. For example, in Q9, we need to search for the person who was not successful to prove the theory. Scanning the whole passage for these words, we find it in paragraph E, line 14. Therefore, the information to answer Q9 is probably around this area.

Look at the following opinions or deeds (Questions 9-13) and the list of people below.

Match each opinion or deed with the correct person, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

9 ABCD    was not successful in proving a theory

10 ABCD     observed children’s records

11 ABCD     suggested a setting for study which prioritized emotional comfort

12 ABCD     proposed that corruption was not a characteristic of people’s nature

13 ABCD     was responsible for an increase in the number of a type of school

• 9 Answer: C
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  Q9: was not successful in proving a theory	A young physician Jean Marc Gaspard Itard was optimistic about the future of Victor and initiated a five-year education plan to civilise him and teach him to speak. With a subsidy from the government, Itard recruited a local woman Madame Guerin to assist him to provide a semblance of a home for Victor, and he spent an enormous amount of time and effort working with Victor. Itard’s goal to teach Victor the basics of speech could never be fully achieved, but Victor had learnt some elementary forms of communication.
  Note: Scanning all over the passage, we can see that Jean Marc Gaspard Itard was not successful to teach Victor the basics of speech. In other words, he was not successful to prove the theory. For that reason, the answer is C.

• 10 Answer: A
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  Q10: observed children’s records	In 1762, Rousseau wrote a famous novel Emile to convey his educational philosophy through a story of a boy’s education from infancy to adult-hood. This work was based on his extensive observation of children and adolescents, their individuality, his developmental theory and on the memories of his own childhood.
  Note: Scanning all over the passage, we can see that Jean Jacques Rousseau observed children and adolescents to write the famous novel Emile. For that reason, the answer is A.

• 11 Answer: B
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  Q11: suggested a setting for study which prioritized emotional comfort	Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, living during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, sought to develop schools to nurture children’s all-round development. His approach to teaching consists of the general and special methods, and his theory was based upon establishing an emotionally healthy homelike learning environment, which had to be in place before more specific instructions occurred.
  Note: According to the passage, Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi believed that en emotionally healthy homelike learning environment must be established before any specific instructions. This idea is paraphrased in Q11. For that reason, the answer is B.

• 12 Answer: A
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  Q12: proposed that corruption was not a characteristic of people’s nature	According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, who lived in an era of the American and French Revolution, people were ‘noble savages’ in the original state of nature, meaning they are innocent, free and uncorrupted.
  Note: Scanning all over the passage, we can see that Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that people are uncorrupted. In other words, he proposed that corruption was not a characteristic in people’s nature. For that reason, the answer is A.

• 13 Answer: D
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  Q13: was responsible for an increase in the number of a type of school	One of the early examples was the invention of kindergarten, which was a word and a movement created by a German-born educator, Friedrich Froebel in 1840. When Froebel died in 1852, dozens of kindergartens had been created in Germany. Kindergartens began to increase in Europe, and the movement eventually reached and flourished in the United States in the 20th century.
  Note: According to the passage, Friedrich Froebel invented the kindergarten, which eventually flourished in Germany, Europe and the United States. Thus, he was responsible for an increase in the number of a type of school. For that reason, the answer is D.